Allowable Load and Capacity Estimation for Naturally Frozen River and Lake Ice Surfaces Using Gold’s Formula and Establishment of Field Management Criteria

Kyoung-Nam Kim; Jinho Lee

doi:10.22905/kaopqj.2026.60.1.4

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2026 Vol.60, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

Allowable Load and Capacity Estimation for Naturally Frozen River and Lake Ice Surfaces Using Gold’s Formula and Establishment of Field Management Criteria Gold 공식을 활용한 자연 결빙 하천 및 호수 얼음면의 허용하중･수용용량 산정 및 현장관리 기준 정립

31 March 2026. pp. 49-59

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Abstract

This study was conducted to establish the first engineering-based safety standards for ice festival sites in South Korea. To date, safety management of ice festivals and fishing sites has relied on empirical judgment, lacking quantitative criteria. Based on Gold's (1971) ice bearing capacity formula, we developed an integrated model for calculating allowable load and capacity that incorporates ice thickness, strength coefficient, dynamic load, and safety factor. Field investigations were conducted at three sites from February 3 to 4, 2026: Amsan (Andong), Sanjeong Lake (Pocheon), and Chatan Stream (Yeoncheon), South Korea. We measured ice thickness (24–25 ㎝), strength coefficients (2.8–3.5), and operational characteristics. Analysis revealed that all three sites maintained safety factors (15.4–20.8) exceeding the target of 4.0, though localized load concentration and cross-sectional loss from fishing holes were identified as potential risk factors. Based on these findings, we developed a standard reference table presenting allowable loads and capacity according to ice type (clear/white) and thickness (15–30 ㎝), along with a daily inspection checklist for field operators. The proposed quantitative standards for ice safety management are expected to contribute to enhanced safety of winter festivals and recreational activities in South Korea.

Keywords

winter festival

safety factor

ice thickness

ice safety management

allowable load

Gold's formula

이 연구는 국내 최초로 얼음축제장의 안전관리를 위한 공학적 기준을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 현재까지 얼음축제장 및 낚시터의 안전관리는 정량적 기준이 없어 경험적 판단에 의존하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 Gold(1971)의 얼음 지지력 공식을 기반으로 얼음 두께, 강도계수, 동적하중, 안전율을 통합한 허용하중 및 수용인원 산정 모델을 활용하였다. 2026년 2월 3일부터 4일까지 경북 안동(암산 얼음축제장), 경기 포천(산정호수 얼음썰매장), 연천(차탄천 얼음썰매장) 3개소를 방문하여 얼음 두께(24–25cm), 강도계수(2.8–3.5), 현장 운영 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 3개소 모두 목표 안전율 4.0을 상회하는 안전율(15.4–20.8)을 확보하고 있었으나, 국부적 하중 집중과 낚시구멍에 의한 단면결손이 잠재 위험요인으로 파악되었다. 이를 토대로 얼음 종류(투명/백색)와 두께(15–30cm)에 따른 허용하중 및 수용인원을 제시한 표준형 보기표를 개발하였으며, 현장 관리자용 일일 점검 체크리스트를 제안하였다. 이 연구는 얼음 안전관리의 정량적 기준을 제시함으로써 향후 얼음 축제 및 레저 활동에 대한 안전관리에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

키워드

겨울 축제

안전

얼음 두께

얼음 안전관리

허용하중

Gold 공식

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Information

Publisher :The Korean Association of Professional Geographers
Publisher(Ko) :국토지리학회
Journal Title :국토지리학회지
Journal Title(Ko) :THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL OF KOREA
Volume : 60
No :1
Pages :49-59
Received Date : 2026-03-04
Revised Date : 2026-03-16
Accepted Date : 2026-03-16
DOI :https://doi.org/10.22905/kaopqj.2026.60.1.4

국토지리학회지 ISSN:1225-3766(Print) THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL OF KOREA

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